Monday, December 30, 2019

Disco Di A Case Study - 1993 Words

Disco Di: A Case Study Submitted by: Minoo Khatami Submission Date: November, 30, 2014 This paper will be dedicated to a case study done on Disco Di. The mental disorders that the patient is suffering from, will be diagnosed and analyzed through different perspectives such as its biological and psychological symptoms, plus its social aspects, in order to better understand and treat the disorders on her file. As it appears on Disco Di’s document she’s currently diagnosed with two distinct types of psychological disorder, first being major depressive disorder, and second being borderline personality disorder. However, the term major depression is only one part of the disorder Disco Di is facing. The type of the disorder in which Disco Di is suffering from, is called mood disorder, and to further narrow it down she’s specifically experiencing what is known as â€Å"Bipolar I† that according to DSM-5, is defined as a disorder in which individuals experience cycling episodes of mania and major depression (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Furthermore major depression also in accordance to DSM-5 is marked by chronically low mood which has certain symptoms such as being fatigue, feelings of guilt, and impaired concentration appearing almost every day. In the case of Disco Di, Even though she goes through some of these symptoms, but they are not all the symptom s that she experiences. As it is stated on her document, Disco Di being a cheerful, outgoing 12 yearShow MoreRelatedA Discussion of Disco Di1712 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounding community. This disharmony causes the person to be unable to function properly in many aspects of their life (Fontaine, 2009). Disco Di started to display signs of mental illness from the young age of 12. Her behaviours may have been triggered by a traumatic event and have been interfering with her life ever since. I agree with the diagnosis that Disco Di was given which was an Axis I diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Axis II diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)Read MoreContemporary Indonesian Phonology and Morphology: Some Evidence of Language Change and Innovations7902 Words   |  32 Pages |a-ir | |12. |V-V |i-a | (Halim 1974:182) A sequence of two consonants is possible, as exemplified in constructions 5 8, but in restricted combinations. Halim’s study of 500 words of two-syllable structure reveals that the permissible sequence of two consonants is of two types. The first type (70% of the occurrences), exemplified in 5 7, is a nasal followed by its homorganic consonant. The second type (30%) isRead MoreDifferences Between Hip Hop And Pop Hop3082 Words   |  13 Pagescentrality of African Americans in articulations of authentic, hip hop has roots that are more diasporic than popularity professed. Hip hop not only owes its origins to lyrical and instrumental musical styles from North America, such as the blues, disco, urban folkloric badman narratives and RB; it also influenced by the early sound-system techniques of Jamaican music, as well as by plena and bomba music from Puerto Rico. Scholars have taken note on the influences of hip hop. Robin D.G. Kelly (1998)Read MoreBenetton Family8592 Words   |   35 Pagesover 110 million garments every year, over 90% in Europe. Key Dates: †¢ 1955: Giuliana and Luciano Benetton buy their first knitting machine and begin selling Giulianas woolen sweaters. †¢ 1965: The Benetton family forms a partnership, Maglificio di Ponzano Veneto dei Fratelli Benetton. †¢ 1972: The company introduces a new dyeing technique that enables on-demand production. †¢ 1978: The company incorporates as a limited liability company, Invep S.p.A. †¢ 1979: The company begins internationalRead MoreRifleman Dodd18078 Words   |  73 Pages................................ i Student Information .......................................................................................................... iii Study Guide ...................................................................................................................... v Study Unit 1 Fundamentals of Counseling......................................................... 1-1 Essential Elements of Counseling ........................................Read MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 PagesPrimary 6, students take the Primary School Leaving Examinations (PSLE), and the scores are used to choose which secondary school they can go on to. English is the main language of instruction in Singapore, but students in public schools are required to study a second language. Mandarin is mandatory for the ethnic Chinese majority and optional for the rest. Secondary school starts in the year when students turn 13 and lasts for four or five years. There are several types of secondary schools, but the mainstreamRead MoreTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 Pagesedition of Cases in Contemporary Strategy Analysis has been developed to accompany the fourth edition of the textbook Contemporary Strategy Analysis. A key feature of the Casebook is its close integration with the concepts and techniques outlined in the textbook. All the cases, except one, have been specially written to link with a speciï ¬ c chapter of the textbook. (In some instances, the cases apply principles and techniques from more than one chapter.) The main characteristics of the cases are: †¢ MostRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Nursing Shortage - 1425 Words

Tiffin University The Nursing Shortage Submitted for MGT 522 Management of Human Resources Instructors Prof. Kristina L Collins By: ADNAN Fnu July 13, 2015 Registered Nurse (RN) | Requisition ID: 1234OT Location: New York, NY, USA Schedule: Full Time Shift: Night Job | Description: As an RN you will convey and ensure patient care by surveying and diagnosing patients condition, creating an arrangement of consideration and assessing understandings reaction to give a second thought. You will likewise take an interest in patient training and release arranging and work together with, direction and aide assigned consideration colleagues in arranging patient care and accomplishing objectives. Responsibilities†¦show more content†¦(Registered Nurse (RN) -Labor and Delivery Per Diem at North ... n.d.). I would use Canadian editions of the New York Times. Because about 20.2% of United States attendants were conceived and taught in Canada. Canada holds the spot of pride as the third biggest import hotspot for medical caretakers to the United States. With Canadian nurses, language issues don’t pose a problem, not do the instructive guidelines, which are near to those of their neighbor, the United States. Canadian medical caretakers move to the US for better livelihood opportunities and the chance to procure more cash. The US speaks to an enormous occupation business sector to medical caretakers right now, considering that it is shy of more than 30,000 attendants. This massive shortage and the appreciated that is given to outside medical attendants make it enticing for medical caretakers even from created nations, for example, Canada to work in the US. The current online nurses ad needs to be more brief and descriptive. We can improve it by the following ways: Job Identification: Contains the employment title, date, and conceivable space to show who sanction the portrayal, the area of the occupation, the quick managers title, compensation, or pay scale. Job Summary: Should describe the general way of the employment and incorporate just its real capacities or exercises. Authority: The area characterizes the cutoffShow MoreRelatedNursing Shortage And Nursing Turnover1719 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Shortage and Nursing Turnover Introduction Nursing shortage and turnover is an issue that has constantly and continually bedeviled the nursing leaders and managers. Without sufficient numbers in nursing, patient care and safety is considerably compromised, with lapses in service delivery, overworked and overwhelmed nurses more prone to making mistakes and across board dissatisfaction. Nursing shortage lads to nurse turnover because of the ones carrying our nursing duties areRead MoreIs Nursing Shortage Really Faculty Shortage?957 Words   |  4 PagesIs Nursing Shortage Really Faculty Shortage? Potential Solutions As the United States’ population ages and the Affordable Care Act continues to be implemented the need to address the shortage of nurses and faculty is more pressing than it ever has been. However, this is multi-dimensional problem, to get to the crux of it; one has to ask what the major contributing factors to such shortages are and what can be done to prevent them? Perhaps the most significant influence to the nursing shortage isRead MoreThe Shortage Of Nursing Professional903 Words   |  4 PagesThe shortage of nursing professional has been an ongoing crisis in many countries for the past decade. A number of countries, including the USA, have been working hard to increase the number of registered nurses in an attempt to rectify the situation and its possible impact on the health care system (CHAN, TAM, WONG, 2013). The two main places that are effected by the shortage significantly are the hospitals and long- term care facilities. Some causes due to staff shortage are str essful work environmentsRead MoreNursing Shortage And Its Effect On The Nursing Profession1146 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nursing Shortage and its Effect on the Nursing Profession With the ever-changing world of healthcare comes the numerous issues the nursing profession faces today. Just a few of these issues include economics, politics, epidemics of disease such as Ebola, and healthcare reform. One of the biggest issues within the nursing profession today is the nursing shortage. This issue is not only a concern for the nursing professional, but also a concern for the whole health care system as well as consumersRead MoreThe Shortage Of The Nursing Shortage Essay2016 Words   |  9 Pagesis likely that the reason that these unfortunate situations have happened is because of the nursing shortage around the nation. The issue of the nursing shortage refers to the lack of sufficient qualified nurses in the healthcare system. Thus, with nursing shortages comes the lack of attention for individual patient needs and even possible malpractice law suits if the issues persist. Undeniably, the shortage of nurses around the nation is growing exponentially because of th e lack of experience, educationRead MoreNursing Shortage in the United States1680 Words   |  7 PagesIt is no secret that the United States is currently experiencing a shortage of nurses . â€Å"The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics ( 2009 ) estimated that more than one million new and replacement nurses will be needed by 2018 to meet the increased demands of the health care workforce† (). The stressful conditions under which nurses work, due in part to the nursing shortage, are among the risk factors that contribute to nurses’ abuse of illicit drugs and alcohol. Nurses are uniqueRead MoreNursing Shortage Is Not A New Problem1363 Words   |  6 Pages The nursing shortage is not a new problem to hit the medical field. It continues to burden the nursing profession across the globe. As the baby boomers reach an age of retirement, nursing is going to see a large portion of currently employed nurses retiring from positions in the upcoming years . As expressed by Jewell (2013), 57% of nurses in Canada are between the ages of 40 and 60 (p. 325). In other words, more than half of employed nurses are nearing retirement, and there is a lack of nursesRead MoreNursing Shortage And Increased Workload Essay2656 Words   |  11 PagesHospitals nationwide are experiencing nurse shortage and increased workloads because of shorter hospital stays, fewer support resources and higher acuity in patients (Vahey, D. C., Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Clarke, S. P., Vargas, D., 2004). Higher nurse workloads are directly associated with job burnout and job dissatisfaction which in turn causes more voluntary nurse turnover and relates to the increased nursing shortage. According to the Missouri Hospital Association the turnover rate of nursesRead MoreNursing Shortage3156 Words   |  13 Pagesknow that there is 126, 000 nursing positions unfilled in hospitals across the country ( Jackson, 2006) and the average nurse is 46 years of age? ( Al exandra, 2006). The public needs to see that the shortage of nurses is a major issue that is only going to get worse if something is not done about it. It has been shown that since the beginning of the shortage there has been an increase in mortality rates due to a increase of poor patient care. If this nursing shortage continues it will only decreaseRead MoreDeveloping An Implementation Plan For Nursing Shortage1662 Words   |  7 PagesDeveloping an Implementation Plan Nursing shortage is a global problem facing all health care system and the impact on nursing professional and patient care outcomes cannot be over emphasized. Despite all effort made by the ANA and health care institutions to address the issue of nursing shortage there seems to be no change and the problem still exist hence there is every need to implement a new plan to address the problem of nursing shortage (ANA, 2014). The project plan is aimed at introducing

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Jhkk Free Essays

Culture Vocab Chart Word| Definition| Explain| Example| Language| Set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication. | Form of communication used amongst people. | EnglishFrenchBengali| Standard Language| Variant of language that a country’s people seek to use in schools, media, government, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Jhkk or any similar topic only for you Order Now | Used for official government business, education, and mass communications. English in AmericaFrench in FranceEnglish in Canada| Dialects| Local or regional characteristics of language| Has different pronunciation and distinctive grammar ad vocab| South: â€Å"Y’all† North: â€Å"You guys† South: â€Å"Fixin’ to† North: â€Å"About to†| Isogloss| Geographic boundary within which linguistic feature occurs| separates regions in which different languages exist| Ossetia -European| Mutual Intelligibility| Ability of two people to understand each other when speaking | Understanding what someone else speaks| Bob understand what Billy says. Language families| Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin| Languages that came from same root language| Indo European| Sound Shift| Slight change in word across languages within subfamily or thorough language family | Change of language that affect pronunciation| | Proto-Indo-European| Lingui stic hypothesis proposing existence of an ancestral Indo European language| Hearth of ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which link modern languages. Scandinavia to North Africa and North America through parts of Asia to Australia| Backward Reconstruction| Tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants â€Å"backward† toward original language | Going backward to original language | â€Å"milk† in English, â€Å"melk† in Dutch, â€Å"milche† in German. | Extinct Language| Language without any native speakers| Language not spoken anymore| Latin, Gothic, Hebrew| Deep Reconstruction| Technique using vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create language that preceded it. Going back to a language’s preceded language| â€Å"milk† in English, â€Å"melk† in Dutch, â€Å"milche† in German| Nostratic| Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto Indo Europeans| Also for the Kartvelian languages of the souther n Caucasus regions| Hungarian, Finnish | Language Divergence| Opposite of language convergence; Process that German linguist August Schleicher suggested| languages are formed when language breaks into dialects due to lack of spatial interaction | French spoken in France is now different from the French spoken in Quebec. Language Convergence| Opposite of language divergence; collapsing of two languages into one| Results from consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages| Balkans where different languages (such as Greek, Albanian, Romania, Bulgarian) all share certain features of grammar| Renfrew Hypothesis| Developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew. Said that 3 areas in and near first agricultural hearth, Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families. | Europe’s Indo European languages, North African and Arabian languages, and languages in present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Anatolia (Turkey), Western arc of Fertile Crescent, Easte rn arc of Fertile Crescent. | Conquest theory| Major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused to Europe | Early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, and started diffusions of European tongues. | Modern day Ukraine. | Commodification | Process in which something is given monetary value| Good or idea is turned into something that has particular value and can be traded in market economy. | Chicken used to be expensive, and only for special occasions. With battery farming, chicken meat has become a commodity. | Monolingual States| Countries in which one language is spoken| These are countries with only one official language| Japan (Japanese)| Official Language| Language selected often by educated and politically powerful elite| To promote internal cohesion, usually language used in courts and government. | America: EnglishFrance: FrenchMexico: Spanish| Toponym| Place name| Word coined in association with the name of a place. New York = From the Duke of York, Nova Scotia = â€Å"New Scotland†, New Jersey = from the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel| Secularism| Ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth| Not to accommodate prescriptions of a deity and promise of comfortable afterlife| America| Monotheistic Religion| One supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in universe| Is the belief in the existence of one god or in the oneness of God. | Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. Polytheistic Religion| Multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in universe| Belief in more than one god| Hinduism, Buddhism, Wicca| Animistic Religion| Inanimate objects possess souls | Can help or hinder human efforts on Earth| Shintoism, Animism. | Universalizing Religion| Belief that there is one true religion that is universal in scope| Religion that wants to take over world| Islam and Christianity| Ethnic Religion| Religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people. Don’t actively seek converts through missionary work| Judaism, Hinduism| Romance Languages| Languages that lay in areas those were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed. | Related languages derived from  Vulgar Latin and forming a subgroup of the  Italic languages  within the  Indo-European  language family. | French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese. Germanic Languages| Languages t hat reflect expansion of people out of Northern Europe to west and south| Sub-branch of the  Indo-European  language family. | English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish. | Slavic Languages| Languages developed as Slavic people migrated from base in present day Ukraine| Close to 2000 years ago| Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Bulgarian| Lingua Franca| Tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and some Arabic. â€Å"Common language†, language used among speakers of different languages for purpose of trade and commerce. | English| Pidgin Language| Parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary | Simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. | Name of the Creole language  Tok Pisin  derives from the English words  talk pidgin. Creole Language| Language that began as pidgin language | Later adopted as mother tongue by people in place of mother tongue. | | Cultural Landscape| Visible imprint of human activity and culture on landscape| Imprinted on landscape by the activities of various human occupants | Building, forms, and artifacts| Placelessness| Loss of uniqueness of place | One place looks like the next| Association of Manchester with a distinctive style of music and club culture is relatively recent. Intrafaith boundaries| Boundaries within the same faith| A major religion’s boundaries| Sunni ShiiteCatholic Protestant| Interfaith boundaries| Boundaries between different religion| Major religions’ boundaries| Muslims Christians. | Religious fundamentalism| Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of faith and to influence state policy| A usually  religious  movement or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles| Protestant  community in the  United States  in the e arly  20th century| Shari’a laws| System of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu’ranic law. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on interpretation| Women must wear a hijab at all times, or else they will be stoned to death| Jihad| Doctrine within Islam, commonly translated as â€Å"Holy War† | Personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to religious standards| defense of religion when attacked with aggressive wars of conquest and expansion| Folk culture| Cultural traits such ad dress mode, dwellings, and tradition| Institutions of usually small, traditional communities. Amish| Popular culture| Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify| Part of today’s changeable, urban-bases, media-influenced western societies. 2chainz, skinny jeans, Christmas tree| Local culture| Group of people in particular place who see themselves as a collective or community| Share experiences, c ustoms, and traits, work to preserve those traits and customs| Hutterites in North America| Material culture| Art, housing, clothing, sports dances, foods and other similar items| Constructed or created by a group of people| Eating curry, wearing a kimono | Nonmaterial culture| Beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people| Not constructed or created by a group of people| Praying five times a day, French is spoken in France| Hierarchical diffusion | Idea or innovation spreads by passing first among most connected places or people | Leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence | Spread of fashion spreads from level to nest level | Hearth| Area where idea or cultural trait originates| Place of origin| Hearth of corn was from Mexico| Assimilate| People lose originality differentiating traits when they come into contact with another culture | Used to describe immigrant adaption to new places of residence| Mexican teen s start acting/dressing more American after they move here. | Custom| Practice routinely followed by a group of people| Another word is tradition| Taking your shoes off before going into a house. | Cultural Appropriation| Culture adopts ustoms and knowledge from other cultures | Uses them for their unadoptable in that particular culture| Native American dream catchers adopted by USA and sold in stores| Neolocalism| Seeking out of regional culture and reinvigoration of it | In response to uncertainty of the modern world. | | Ethnic neighborhood| Situated in larger metropolitan city and constructed by a local culture| In which local culture can practice its customs| Little Haiti in Santa Domingo | Hinduism| One of oldest religions in modern world, originating in Indus River Valley| Doesn’t have a single founder, single theology, or agreement on its origins. | | Buddhism| Enlightenment would come through knowledge, no greed, craving, or desire. Complete honesty. Splintered from Hinduism as reaction to strict social hierarchy by Hinduism| | Caste system| Strict social segregation of people| Basis of ancestry and occupation| India’s Hindu society | Shintoism| Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism| Focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship| | Taoism| Religion founded Lao Tsu and based on â€Å"Book of the Way† | Proper form of political rule on the oneness of humanity and nature| | Judaism| Roots and teachings of Abraham, uniting his people to worship only one god| Jews worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews| | Diaspora | Forceful or voluntary dispersal of people from homeland to new place | Population dispersal or involuntary relocation| Jews during the Holocaust| Zionism| Movement to unite the Jews of the Diaspora| Establish a national homeland for them in the promised land. | | Sunni| Adherents to largest branch of Islam, believe in value of family and community in solution of lifeâ⠂¬â„¢s problem| Differ from Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative. | | Shiite| Also known as Shiahs, represent Persian variation of Islam | Believe in infallibility and divine right to authority of descendants of Ali. | Pilgrimage| Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site| Pay respect or participate in a ritual at the site| Hajj| Hajj| Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca| Birthplace of Muhammad| | Authenticity| Accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast conveys| Otherwise dynamics and complex local culture or its customs| | Distance decay| Effects of distance on interaction| Greater the distance the less interaction | Mexican would be closer to American than Russian| Time-space compression| Social and psychological effects of living in a world which t-s convergence has rapidly reached high intensity| Associated with work of David Harvey | | Genocide | systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation| Planned elimination of a gro up of people| Jews during the Holocaust| How to cite Jhkk, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Expressive Arts Activity Essay Example For Students

Expressive Arts Activity Essay Modality: Art- comic strip/drawing/collage The Fit: Discover the clients sense feeling based on a special event in their life. This activity can be implemented with a broad range of clients. Every clients comic/drawing will be unique and the outcome is situational. The client has the potential to show the counselor several indicators while explaining the comic/ drawing. Some of the indicators include the following: abuse, neglect, want/need for attention, and power. Population: Children/adolescents-group/individual This expressive arts activity can be applied to a child Who is experiencing emotional, behavioral, and academic difficulties. Materials: Large piece of plain paper, markers, crayons, colored pencils, construction paper, glue Instructions: 1. The counselor will provide the client with a large piece of plain paper and art supplies of their choice (crayons, markers, colored pencils, construction paper). 2, The counselor will ask the client to imagine a special event in their life that made them either happy or sad. . The counselor will then ask the client how they felt during their special moment. 4. The counselor will tell the client to choose the color of construction paper according to how they were feeling during their special moment. For example: The mock client talks about hove he was excited to open presents. He chose the color yellow. He made himself yellow because yellow means excited to him, At the end of the story he made hims elf black because he said that the color black means that he was mad because his siblings had left him out. S, The client will then create,drama the special moment on the large sheet of vitae paper using their construction paper and other art materials. The client can make a comic strip, timeline of events, etc. 6. Once the client completes their expressive arts project, the counselor Will administer questions. A. Describe your picture. How did you pick your special moment? B. When you look back on your special moment does it make you happy or sad? C. Why does it make you feel this way? D. What are some words you would use to describe the way you feel when you talk about your special moment timeline? E. Who is friendly with whom in the picture? Who is not friendly in the picture? F. Who is accepted? G. Who has the power? *Depending on the special moment timeline, questions will vary with the client. Mock client scenario: The client is a six-year-old male who has an older sibling that is twelve and a younger sibling that is two. The clients special moment inline shoves him and his family on Christmas morning. The boy begins his story by walking down the stairs to open up his gifts. As his comic continues he has positioned himself away from his siblings as he is opening up his gifts, While the counselor asks him questions about his timeline he proceeds to say that he always feels left out, and that his mom and dad show more love to his siblings. At the end of his timeline he draws his two siblings going outside to play with the toys that they got for Christmas, and he asks the question, M/ho will play with me and my new toys? Goals of Deadlier Theory: I. Relationships 2. Assessment . Understanding and insight 4. Reorientation and reeducation Phases of Deadlier play therapy: 1. Relationship development 2. Exploration of lifestyle 3. Goals of behavior 4. Faulty thinking 5. Maladaptive behaviors 6. Facilitation Birth Order: Idlers S psychological positions: 1. Oldest child- prefers to be first, receives more attention, spoiled 2. Second of only two- behaves as if in a race, usually opposite to first child 3. Middle- feels left out, surrounded by competitors. 4. Youngest- baby, a lot of ground to cover in order to catch up 5.